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زیست شناسی::
بیماری پیش رونده
PD-1 is expressed in CD8 T cells.
Notably, PD-1 is upregulated by IL-12 but not by type I IFN.
Effective cases of PD-1/PD-L1 are nearly 30 % in the solid tumors [25].
In case of tumor regression, lymphocytes with low PD-1 expressions infiltrate in tumor nests [26].
2, and, in addition, the presence of negative costimulatory (co-inhibitory) signals that inhibit T-cell activation such as human cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4 or CD152) and programmed death-1 (PD-1 or CD279) were established [2, 3].
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